Committee of Supply – Head J (Ministry of Defence)

Security Environment

Mr Vikram Nair (Sembawang): Madam, I beg to move, "That the total sum to be allocated for Head J of the Estimates be reduced by $100."

In 1971, when the British armed forces withdrew from Singapore, that marked the end of some 150 years during which the British oversaw Singapore's defence.

Quite suddenly, for the first time in history, Singapore was left to take care of its own defence. There were many challenges at the time. We had barely been independent for six years and were still finding our feet as a nation. The withdrawal of the British forces also had serious economic implications. Asia, like the rest of the world, was divided by the Cold War conflicts and tensions with wars raging in Vietnam and Korea. Closer to the neighbourhood, Konfrontasi was still fresh in our memories, as were the communist and communalist riots on the domestic front.

The challenge for a small country is that should it be subject to aggression by a larger country, it will still need to be able to hold its own. Thus, Singapore has always had to build up its armed forces in anticipation of having to defend itself against potentially larger aggressors. We tried to overcome the glaring disadvantage of size by starting National Service and investing in better technology.

The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) is now one of the most respected armed forces in the region. Our military leaders perform well in international assignments and our armed forces have made a good name for themselves assisting countries in disaster relief and humanitarian efforts.

However, the purpose of the SAF remains primarily to address security threats and I will highlight a few that remain a concern.

The first, terrorism. The spread of terror continues to be ever present in the region. We understand that Southeast Asia is a key recruitment area for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) which has established Katibah Nusantara in the region – their fighting force which was responsible for the 2016 Jakarta attacks. The terrorist attacks in Brussels and Paris are grim reminders of what terrorists are capable of.

Second, South China Sea. The South China Sea tensions continue to escalate despite the fact that the legal dispute resolution process is moving forward – indeed, maybe, it is escalating in response to this process. The latest actions see China reclaiming land, building up defence installations and lighthouses in the region, with the US and Australia continuing to assert their freedom of navigation. The Philippines and Vietnam, meanwhile, maintain their claims through the legal process.

Even more worrying is the Korean Peninsula, where North Korea continues its nuclear testing and, perhaps, for one of the first times I can remember in history, making specific threats to launch a nuclear strike. This may change the face of warfare if that were to materialise.

Closer to home, the Straits of Malacca continues to have stories of piracy. In June last year, eight men armed with pistols and machetes hijacked the Orkim Harmony, an oil tanker carrying some 6,000 tonnes of petrol worth more than $5 million, and tried to sail the ship to a friendly harbour where they could siphon off the liquid cargo. Their plan was foiled when they were spotted by security forces, but they managed to slip away in a lifeboat.

Mdm Chair, some of these conflicts may seem far away, some seem much closer to home but I believe all of them are important considerations for us. As a small, interconnected country, Singapore is likely to be affected by these threats. I will be interested to know what the Ministry of Defence's (MINDEF's) views are, both in relation to the threats I have described as well as what they believe to be the most salient national security challenges Singapore faces today?

Evolving Security Environment

Mr Zaqy Mohamad (Chua Chu Kang): Mdm Chair, the nature of warfare today has changed. Threats today come from states, organisations and individuals that seek to undermine our security. The threat of hybrid warfare is also emerging, as we have learnt from the experience of Crimea, where there was a concerted effort to undermine the nation's defences through economic, socio-psychological as well as cyber warfare before taking them on militarily.

Last year, Minister Ng Eng Hen spoke extensively on hybrid warfare and he described hybrid warfare as the exact antagonist of Total Defence. Hybrid warfare integrates conventional and unconventional tools of warfare by both state and non-state actors. It is precisely because of the tools of coercion and aggression that these are wide-ranging, and their being wide-ranging means it may be difficult for nations, such as Singapore, to even identify the source of attacks.

1.15 pm

Furthermore, our world today is increasingly interconnected. While traditional battlefields of the past were largely confined to air, land and sea domains, modern conflicts have moved into other domains that extend beyond territorial and geographical boundaries. So, what are some of these trends that MINDEF has observed and are we facing such threats in Singapore? Has Singapore been tested by such threats in recent months? What are some of these threats?

It is clear that the military solution is not sufficient to address the threat of hybrid warfare. So, how is the Government responding to the threat of warfare on the various fronts and how do we bring in the stakeholders in Total Defence on board? We were quite good in having thought through Total Defence for many years, but given how things have evolved since its inception many years ago, how do we take it to the next level?

Terrorism

Ms Low Yen Ling (Chua Chu Kang): Mdm Chair, in the past few months, no region has been spared from attacks by terrorists. We have all followed the news reports of recent attacks in Lahore, Brussels, Istanbul. But those attacks represent just a fraction of the total number that has been carried out in recent months.

In fact, in its annual global terrorism index report released at the end of last year, the Institute for Economics and Peace assessed that terrorism is at an all-time high, with more attacks in a wider range of countries than ever before. This index shows that there are nine times more people killed today in terror attacks than in the year 2000.

Regarding ISIS in particular, some analysts have observed that there has been a shift in the group's strategy. A recent Financial Times' article noted that beyond creating a caliphate in Iraq and Syria, ISIS is looking to strengthen its caliphate further afield and export terror to its perceived enemies beyond the Middle East. The recent attack in Jakarta and news reports of ISIS targeting locations in Kuala Lumpur have shown us that ISIS' global strategy includes hitting us, in our very own backyard here in Southeast Asia.

Many continue to travel to Iraq to Syria to fight for the ISIS cause in the Middle East. Most alarmingly, however, analysts have also pointed out that ISIS' tactics are also shifting. ISIS has been encouraging its supporters, some of whom had never travelled to the Middle East, to conduct attacks in their home cities. Without specific operational direction, lone wolves and small wolf packs have been inspired into action by ISIS' general call. Some have obtained weapons or explosives capable of causing mass casualties. This is clearly an alarming trend for Singapore.

In the wake of the recent series of attacks in various cities, militaries have stepped up, alongside law enforcement agencies, to respond to the heightened risk. Military patrols have also been deployed in countries, such as France, Belgium and Malaysia. So, my question is: what are MINDEF's and the SAF's roles in preventing and responding to terrorist attacks?

The Chairman: Mr Vikram Nair, you have two cuts. Please take them together.

SAF and Homeland Security

Mr Vikram Nair: First, on homeland security. Traditionally, SAF has focused its preparations on external threats while the Home Team has focused on homeland security matters. Thus far, the Home Team has done an excellent job in keeping Singapore safe and has anticipated and foiled a number of potential terrorist threats by identifying and arresting key people in time.

However, in the event of a major terror attack, say along the lines of Mumbai or Paris, which we hope will never happen in Singapore, but where the attack is large scale and the perpetrators are armed with firearms and bombs and hundreds are killed or injured, it may be necessary for the military to step in both to engage and eliminate the perpetrators as well as to restore public confidence.

I believe the military's role in homeland defence should be carefully calibrated, as deploying the military would send a clear message to the public that the threat is a serious one. If used for minor threats, the public may get the wrong message and get unduly worried or panic. On the other hand, if used in a situation where panic has already ensued following the attack, it may help calm the situation.

Are there any plans for SAF to step up its responses to homeland security to deal with threats, such as terrorism?

Cyber Threats

On cybercrime, recently, there was a shocking report that hackers had hacked into the Bangladeshi Central bank accounts in New York with the Federal Reserve and stolen some $101 million. An investigation by US cyber forensic expert Fire Eye revealed that much of this money had been channelled to accounts abroad, including places like the Philippines and Sri Lanka.

We understand that the hackers had originally tried to wire out more than $1 billion but the US Federal Reserve managed to block some $850 million of this from being transferred out. Sri Lanka has since managed to trace around $20 million and returned these sums. But the money channeled to the Philippines, amounting to some $80 million, still remains untraced.

Clearly, the figures that were transferred out were staggering and a demonstration of the power of hackers being able to get through government institutions. So, it is very clear that states can become victims of cybercrime. An equally worrying trend is that the power of hacking is also being harnessed by state actors, too, including countries that are supposed to be friendly with each other. News, for example, of the German Chancellor Angela Merkel's phone being hacked by the US National Security Agency created diplomatic tensions between countries that were otherwise very good friends. But this may be a microcosm of state-sponsored hacking that is probably happening elsewhere as well.

Given that cyber threats are on the rise and state actors can be both victims as well as the responsible parties, does MINDEF have plans to develop capabilities to counter this threat?

Cybersecurity

Mr Cedric Foo Chee Keng (Pioneer): Mdm Chair, let me add to Mr Vikram Nair's cut on cybersecurity. As we know, e-commerce and communications have increased relevance in Singapore and we are becoming more and more reliant on it in the way we work, play and even in many aspects of the activities that we undertake. And particularly in Singapore, with our vision of becoming a smarter nation, cybersecurity is increasingly of concern.

The spectrum of cybercrime can range from highly sophisticated syndicates or to a lone wolf hacker or even a youngster who cannot just resist the chance to crack a password or hack a computer system. An example is the Singpass hacking incident back in 2014 where a man cracked some 300 user accounts and sold personal data to a gang based in China. The purpose? To apply for visas into Singapore. This man had hacked into the user accounts simply by guessing, I guess, through an algorithm, the login passwords of these users. It is fortunate in this case that the incident did not result in even more damage. Had the cyber perpetrator been a terrorist network, more harm could be inflicted.

I would like to ask the Minister how the various Government agencies and, in particular, MINDEF, coordinate with the newly formed Cyber Security Agency (CSA) under the Infocomm Development Authority (IDA) and the Ministry of Communications and information (MCI) to strengthen Singapore's cybersecurity. What measures are in place to prevent them? And if an attack does occur, especially affecting essential services like energy, water and banking, how would we be able to respond to them? What are our disaster recovery plans and business continuity measures?

Cyber Defence

Mr Low Thia Khiang (Aljunied): Madam, I note that SAF established a centralised Cyber Defence Operations Hub in 2013. Such capabilities are important today, given the network-centric nature of contemporary society and, indeed, military operations today. I have three sets of questions for MINDEF on these matters.

First, I would like to ask if MINDEF can assure the public on the readiness of SAF to handle cyber defence by explaining the types of threats it seeks to address. Cyberattacks need not simply be about conventional military operations. They can involve everything from gathering and corrupting sensitive information to disabling vulnerable civilian infrastructure, such as public utilities, communications, financial systems, emergency and medical response, business infrastructure and even transportation management systems. These actions can disrupt society and make it susceptible to pressure. How does MINDEF's cyber defence address these issues?

Second, what further capabilities does MINDEF intend to develop? How does MINDEF intend to ensure that Singapore is well-protected? Further, like other military systems, cyber defence capabilities may raise suspicions and tensions with neighbours that can, ultimately, make the nation less secure. How does MINDEF plan to mitigate this risk as it develops its cyber defence capabilities?

Lastly, cyber defence tools are powerful and hard to detect. How does MINDEF ensure that there is sufficient oversight of its systems to prevent inappropriate use by other individuals or Government agencies? Can MINDEF assure the public on this matter, such as by issuing an annual report or audit on cyber risks, breaches and mitigation efforts?

Defence Diplomacy

Mr Vikram Nair: Mdm Chair, defence diplomacy has been an important component of Singapore's defence strategy. While the Ministry of Foreign Affairs manages official diplomatic ties between countries, our armed forces have also played an important role in building relations with counterparts in other countries.

These ties have helped us get access to training spaces abroad, opportunities to train together with foreign armed forces and, perhaps most importantly, to build good relations with our counterparts and foreign militaries so that we will have friends should the need ever arise.

In this regard, two of the major powers that operate in this region are the US and China and both play an important role in the security and stability of the region. I was quite happy to know that Singapore has entered into a Defence Cooperation Agreement with the US as well as a Four-Point Consensus with China that will help deepen ties between these two countries. Can MINDEF provide an update on its defence relations with the US and China in the past year?

The Chairman: Mr Baey Yam Keng, you have three cuts. Please take them together.

Bilateral Defence Relations

Mr Baey Yam Keng (Tampines): Mdm Chair, as a little red dot surrounded by much larger countries, Singapore's security is inextricably linked to our ties with our neighbours.

It is, therefore, for very good reasons that Singapore shares long-standing defence ties with Malaysia, Indonesia as well as Brunei. It is known that senior MINDEF and SAF officials meet with their counterparts regularly. SAF also engages in regular bilateral exercises, high-level visits and professional exchanges.

With changes in leadership, developments in geopolitical situation, set in the context of an evolving regional and international security scene, how have our ties kept up with the times and different priorities?

I would also like to ask MINDEF for an update on the state of our bilateral defence relationships with our immediate neighbours. What are some recent exchanges that have taken place and how have these enhanced the interests of Singapore?

Defence Relations with Australia

In June 2015, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and then-Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott signed the Singapore-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP). Under CSP, the two countries aim to deepen cooperation across four fields: trade and economics, foreign affairs, defence and security, and people-to-people ties through a roadmap known as Project 2025.

On defence and security, CSP will build on strong existing ties between Singapore and Australia's defence establishments. Singapore and Australia are part of the Five-Power Defence Arrangements and both countries' armed forces have deployed alongside each other in the Middle East. Australia currently hosts military training by the Singapore Army and RSAF.

At the signing of CSP, Prime Minister Lee announced that Singapore and Australia also intend to conclude a defence cooperation agreement in 2016. So, what are the defence implications of CSP and how is MINDEF working to enhance defence relations with Australia?

Multilateral Fora

Mdm Chair, the inaugural meeting of the ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) was held in May 2006. It was set up as the highest defence consultative and cooperative mechanism in ASEAN. Four years later, ADMM-Plus was convened to serve as a platform for practical cooperation between ASEAN member states and eight dialogue partners, namely, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and the US. It has since met twice.

I would like to ask MINDEF if it could share why it engages other countries' defence establishments and militaries through these multilateral platforms. What has been achieved and what are some new areas of practical cooperation being explored through such multilateral fora? With the realisation of ASEAN Community 2015, how will ASEAN bring regional defence cooperation to new heights?

1.30 pm

Mdm Chair, I understand that one of the areas of cooperation under ADMM is on disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in order for more united and effective response when a disaster strikes the region. In that respect, can MINDEF share how ASEAN members have worked together in recent regional disasters like the Sabah earthquake?

The current regional security landscape is also characterised by non-traditional security challenges, such as maritime security and the rise of violence and brutality committed by extremist organisations and radical groups. How are the multilateral fora helping Singapore to be better prepared for these new challenges?

SAF's Approach to Defence Spending

Mr Zainal Sapari (Pasir Ris-Punggol): Mdm Chair, the increasingly complex and volatile security environment has prompted defence spending in the region to increase. Likewise, Singapore needs to ensure that we are still as capable and as ready to respond to such threats.

Threats to our sovereignty as a proud nation should not be tolerated and our security should never be compromised. With that in mind, I would like to ask the Minister if SAF's approach to defence spending has changed. Are there plans to increase defence spending at a faster pace and what are the new areas that we are focusing on in our defence spending?

Defence White Paper

Mr Pritam Singh (Aljunied): Mdm Chairperson, over a number of years, the publication of Defence White Papers has become an increasing phenomenon in the Asia Pacific region. China issued its first one in 1998 and Japan in 2005. When informing members of the public about the immediate security environment, the strategic direction of the military and its core mission, such white papers are effective in answering why there is a need to have a strong and determined force that is able to defend the sovereignty of the country.

However, what is sometimes not so well understood is the impact such white papers can have on improving and building confidence and trust among countries. In fact, before the latest 2016 Australian defence white paper was launched, Australia briefed China and Indonesia – two key partners – about its intention. In an S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) commentary this year, a local researcher noted that Australia's 2016 white paper sent a strong positive signal to Southeast Asia and potentially contributes to the region's stability and peace.

More than a decade ago, the ASEAN Regional Forum suggested that defence white papers be published and exchanged. It was quite telling that the former Minister for Defence, Mr Lee Boon Yang, in 1995, quoted verbatim a section of the Australian defence white paper in this House, as a measure of the good relations between the two countries. It is my view that the wider publication of such initiatives through a white paper would serve MINDEF's interests, both nationally and internationally.

MINDEF, as the largest consumer of the national Budget, will always be queried about the nature and scale of its defence expenditure. These demands will grow and are not likely to abate in the years to come. In fact, it is noteworthy that the section on MINDEF comprises only eight pages of the Government's expenditure control document for financial year (FY) 2016. In contrast, the section on the Ministry of Law, a far smaller Ministry budget-wise, has more than 40 pages long.

There is no requirement for MINDEF to release any secret information in the prospective White Paper. But the current state of affairs is more than opaque, especially in an economic environment post-SG50, which ought to be marked by greater fiscal prudence in light of multiple national priorities, all worthy of equal consideration. A White Paper will put into perspective MINDEF's mission and requirements the one hand, and its budgetary needs on the other, in the context of the needs of a small state.

Finally, Mdm Chairperson, some years ago, the Taiwanese even released a comic book version of their white paper to cultivate an interest in military service among young readers. While I am not suggesting a need to do this, the point is that a White Paper offers great flexibility for MINDEF to determine how best to get its message out. The Japanese experience with white papers is quite telling, as it moves from a limited paper in 2015 to a much more comprehensive one last year. A MINDEF White Paper can be even used to showcase the seriousness MINDEF takes in its safety regime, something I will talk about in my next cut.

Security Climate and Role of SAF

Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef (Marine Parade): Madam, we live in an interconnected world, plagued by issues of terrorism, security threats, cyberattacks, technological warfare and many other undesirable activities. Not a month passes without some blasts, wars, disputes somewhere, which affect many innocent citizens. These are all major concerns for nations, including Singapore. National militaries around the world are all on high alert.

How does MINDEF ensure our armed forces stay relevant and attuned to the changing security environment and climate, with the background of all these challenges? How prepared are we to respond to such threats as a small nation with a small army? What are the other roles our personnel can play to help step up deterrence levels?

The Chairman: Ms Jessica Tan, please take your two cuts together.

The SAF Today and Its Capability

Ms Jessica Tan Soon Neo (East Coast): Madam, with rising affluence, procuring the latest technologies and capabilities does not give us a sustainable edge. The SAF does pride itself in possessing cutting-edge capabilities. While the SAF does procure equipment and platforms from overseas, it has also been building Singapore's local defence science and technology capabilities through investments in personnel, facilities, technology and research and development (R&D) in complex defence systems.

What is the range of the local defence technology capabilities that we have? How are these capabilities contributing to the technology edge and indigenous technology science capabilities of SAF? And with the competing demands on engineering talent at the national level, what efforts is MINDEF making to ensure that it continues to have the required engineering talent and capabilities to build on our indigenous defence, science and technology capabilities?

Overseas Training

We have seen heightened security concerns in the region and globally. With greater uncertainty and a wider spectrum of threats, including conventional as well as asymmetric threats, such as terrorism and cyber warfare, how then does the SAF ensure that our defence forces are operationally ready? What is the operational value of regular training that SAF conducts overseas? In what ways do these trainings give us the assurance that they, indeed, prepare our forces?

What is the objective of these overseas exercises in countries like the US, Australia, Germany, France and New Zealand? These countries differ in many aspects from our local and regional conditions, such as climate, landscape and vegetation. Such overseas training exercises do impact citizen soldiers as well as cost of operations. What is the SAF doing to ensure that our society will continue to support this commitment to defence?

To participate in such overseas exercises, our soldiers will need to be away from their families and work. While we need to achieve training effectiveness, how does the SAF balance the impact on work, family and opportunities for our citizen soldiers? With the disruption, pace of change and the need for continual learning and skills upgrading, how would the SAF respond to support our citizen soldiers as they face these changes in competing demands with the need of overseas training and operational requirements?

SAF's Role in Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)

Mr Cedric Foo Chee Keng: Mdm Chair, my cut is on SAF's role in Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW). SAF was established in 1965, as Members know, a necessity created by Singapore's Independence, with the primary focus on providing for Singapore's external defence.

Today, our 3rd Generation SAF is widely known to be well-equipped to defend Singapore against external threats. The SAF is well-respected as a strong and professional armed forces. It underwrites Singapore's sovereignty upon which all Singaporeans can live in peace and secure in the knowledge that Singapore is well-protected.

However, the threats facing Singapore have broadened beyond conventional war to areas like counter-terrorism, piracy and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). Although the SAF has participated in many MOOTW operations, I believe the training syllabus of full-time National Servicemen (NSFs) and NSmen is still largely based on conventional armed conflict.

So, I would like the Minister to help us to understand how the SAF is preparing to confront the new challenges that I have described. How well is the SAF prepared as regards intelligence, technology and equipment to deal with counter-terrorism? Also, would the SAF be called upon to augment the Home Team in counter-terrorism operations over and above the protection of key installations, which I understand the SAF does today?

In 2015, Singapore assisted in various missions, such as fighting forest fires in Chiang Mai, Thailand and Sumatra, and also search-and-rescue operations in Nepal as a result of the earthquake. Many Singaporeans are proud of our SAF and the Home Team personnel who participated in these HADR efforts. Given that disasters will occur every now and then, whether here or abroad, I would like to ask the Minister if the SAF has sufficiently trained personnel to deploy in the event of major disasters in the region or around the world.

SAF Transformation

Mr Zainal Sapari: Madam, each Singaporean knows that we cannot take our security for granted. Situations today are increasingly volatile and news of newfound threats always seems to be getting a little closer to home. Understandably, this will cause some worry amongst our citizens. Today's threats do not present themselves until the last minute and, by the time they do, we have seen how it is often just a little too late in other countries.

While the SAF may be prepared to defend Singapore against today's threats, these threats – like everything else – will continue to evolve as well. Our approach to defence has not been about keeping up, but always ensuring that we are not one but several steps ahead. This provides us with the two-pronged benefit of deterring those who may mean to harm us, and also ensuring that we are able to react swiftly and decisively to any threat.

I would like to ask the Minister how the SAF is developing its capabilities to protect Singapore against the threats of the future. Can MINDEF provide an update on the SAF's transformation plans?

As our threats evolve, so should our defence capabilities. The consequences of failure on this part are extremely grave and we cannot afford to be complacent on this issue.

SAF's Manpower and Capabilities

Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef: Madam, a certain critical or minimum size is usually necessary for a nation's army. Our population replacement rate for Singapore is critically low and, with this, fewer babies are born each year. This also will translate to fewer recruits per cohort for National Service. How can SAF maintain our capabilities and capacity in view of these "shrinking" manpower numbers? How do we ensure we can maximise their potential?

We have also strategically, over the years, developed our capabilities in terms of a 4G-SAF and specialisation skillsets. Technological capabilities and enhancements have also been very active as well. Is this investment in technology and IT able to help us cope and compensate for our decreasing manpower numbers?

The Minister for Defence (Dr Ng Eng Hen): Mdm Chair, first, let me thank the many Members who have highlighted the security challenges that confront Singapore today. I think they have made their points eloquently, many valid points and accurate observations. Collectively, they bring home this truth that as much as all of us want peace, work for greater cooperation and understanding among countries, neither the world nor the region we live in is Utopia; that each generation of Singaporeans will face threats, and each generation will have to renew their commitment to protect what they value or lose it; that we can only depend on ourselves to defend Singapore; that we will need to work with other like-minded partners to deal with potential troubles along the way. Singapore and Singaporeans will have to gear up for "troubled peace" in this new era after SG50.

Each generation of Singaporeans will have to confront their own security threats. The founding generation, as Mr Vikram Nair pointed out, did not have it easy. Indeed, the 1960s and 1970s, as he said, were tumultuous times in Asia and, especially, for Southeast Asia. Whether it was Konfrontasi or the ideological battles against communism and communalism, these contests often led to violence or subversion. And because Southeast Asian states were newly-minted nations in the 1960s and 1970s, only recently freed from their colonial past, individual nations were more preoccupied with their national agendas, rather than cooperating as a region.

1.45 pm

Geopolitics today has improved, and we talked about ASEAN. ASEAN is an accepted regional community in international dynamics. ASEAN has good growth and strong relations with other countries. But despite this progress, as Members have said, challenges exist. Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef noted that we live in an interconnected world. And, indeed, what happens in some other part of the world, many Members have said that it occurs very far away but comes closer to home, as Mr Zainal Sapari said, whether it is terrorism or technological warfare. And as Mr Vikram Nair noted, there have been numerous developments recently in the South China Sea, more terrorist attacks, and a sophisticated cyberattack involving the US Federal Reserve.

Members have asked key questions − Mr Vikram Nair, Mr Pritam Singh, Mr Zaqy Mohamad, Mr Low Thia Khiang, Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef, Ms Low Yen Ling, Mr Cedric Foo and Mr Zainal Sapari. In summary, they asked: what are the main security threats to Singapore and how significant are they when compared to previous years? How is the SAF responding to these threats? How can we keep Singapore and Singaporeans safe? How prepared are we? These are all important questions that can change our lives here irrevocably. I agree completely with Mr Zainal Sapari when he said that the consequences of failure will be great. So, I intend to answer these questions in the course of this reply for the Committee of Supply (COS).

First, terrorism. The clear and present threat upon us is terrorism. As of now, there is no specific intelligence of any imminent plot against Singapore, but the general assessment by our intelligence agencies indicates that almost all cities are likely targets, including Singapore. Members here already know of attacks in other cities in the past 18 months – Paris, Sydney, San Bernardino, Istanbul, Bangkok, Jakarta, Brussels and, most recently, Lahore. A few months later, you may have to add more cities to that list. Threat levels for Singapore from ISIS are higher than those posed by Al-Qaeda (AQ) and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) when they were active. So, if you would like a simple number, what Al-Qaeda was able to attract − both sympathisers and operatives − in the last 10 years, ISIS has already exceeded the number in the last three years. So, our assessment is that the threat levels from ISIS are higher than that from AQ and JI. Let me explain our reasons for this assessment.

First, ISIS has greater means. ISIS controls territories and oil fields in Iraq and Syria from which they can draw resources to fund tens of thousands of fighters and further its goals. ISIS even uses drones for its operations, like a military. In fact, they are a military. They can orchestrate and coordinate attacks far away, as they did in Paris, Brussels or even near us, Jakarta. Their tentacles can reach far. Just this week, the Malaysian Police revealed that ISIS had allocated around S$100,000 to Katibah Nusantara − a network that Mr Vikram Nair pointed out. It is a Malay Archipelago Combat Unit, and ISIS had given them S$100,000 to finance terrorist attacks and bombings in Southeast Asia.

ISIS operatives and sympathisers have already formed networks in our region, as some Members have observed. In the past year, close to a thousand people from Southeast Asia have travelled to Iraq and Syria to join the fight, including Singaporeans. And more have been radicalised without even travelling to the Middle East. Most recently, Members would have read that four Singaporeans were prevented from joining the armed conflicts in the Middle East. As Members have pointed out, returning fighters will bring back their extremist ideology, share their experience in weapons, explosives and actual fighting. In addition, we know that they have linked up with existing cells, like the JI offshoot, Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, and Abu Sayyaf. Greater means, as I said.

Second, ISIS has motive. In our region, ISIS has declared its mission to establish a wilayat, a "caliphate", and Katibah Nusantara is leading the charge. This central ideology of a Southeast Asian "caliphate" binds Islamic militants who have already set up training camps in Sulawesi, Aceh and in the Southern Philippines. Even the Uighurs are known to have joined a training camp in Sulawesi, led by the Indonesian militant, Santoso. I am not sure what the tenuous connections had been previously between militants in Indonesia and the Uighurs, but here, you have it − that ideology binds them together.

In this narrative, Singapore is an attractive target. Last year, Dabiq − "Dabiq" is an English-language newsletter published by ISIS − named Singapore among the "enemies of the Islamic State" and called on followers to wage jihad against us.

Third, ISIS has opportunity. Every shopping mall, every crowded place is an opportunity for violent extremists to target innocent civilians and cause as much suffering and mayhem as possible. ISIS operatives and sympathisers, especially what we call "clean skins" – those with no prior criminal record – can travel and smuggle components of arms and explosives. Changi Airport received over 55 million passengers last year, and many more crossed land and sea checkpoints of Singapore. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has stepped up security checks, but the terrorists only need to succeed once.

Under these circumstances, can Singapore – or, for that matter, any city – guarantee its residents that no extremist attack will occur? I think the answer is an obvious one. Only a foolish and complacent government will provide that false sense of security. Instead, we must step up our defences, bring our citizens into confidence and, more importantly, confront this threat and prepare to deal with the aftermath together.

I will elaborate on how SAF will respond to this. But even as we ask Singaporeans to prepare ourselves to deal with extremist threats, let me just say that we must be mindful, at the same time, of the trajectory of state-to-state relations surrounding us. As Members have pointed out, the disputes in the South China Sea and East China Sea are increasing. They are symptomatic of a more powerful dynamic of strategic rivalry and rising nationalism. This state of flux, different from post-World War II, different from the Cold War, is creating tension. This dynamic will stress existing military cooperation and alliances; it will stress international agreements or laws, even the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Let me give a few examples to illustrate what I mean.

On a regular basis, Japanese fighter jets scramble in response to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) military aircraft that enter Japan's Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ). The PLA planes are flying into disputed airspace around the Diao Yu/Senkaku Islands. So, the Japanese would have to respond, and they scramble. It is a common occurrence.

Let me give Members a second example. The largest overlap in the South China Sea claims is between Vietnam's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and China's "nine dash line". Members would recall that just two years ago, Vietnamese and Chinese vessels clashed over an oil rig in the South China Sea. And you would remember that, in Vietnam, they held protests and burned down foreign-owned factories, meaning to target Chinese-owned factories. Unfortunately, some Taiwanese factories also got burnt. They could not differentiate. They hear them speak in Mandarin, and so, they got burnt. Just recently, the Vietnamese coast guard seized a Chinese oil tanker allegedly operating in Vietnam's waters. And for the first time ever − if you have not noticed this − a Japanese submarine arrived in Cam Ranh International Port. It called in Vietnam last month for the first time.

An example closer to home: the Indonesian Government has also taken a hard stance against illegal fishing in its EEZ. Since President Joko Widodo took office in 2014, Indonesia has confiscated and destroyed approximately 150 foreign fishing boats. Just last month, there was a standoff between the Chinese coast guard and an Indonesian patrol vessel. Indonesia has since announced plans to deploy fighter jets to the Natuna Islands. And supposedly, as a show of strength, military ships of the Indonesian National Defence Forces (TNI) are used to blow up these merchant vessels. It is not the most cost-effective solution. Military munitions cost more but, as a show of strength, they will use TNI to blow up the vessels.

As we observed, these incidents are occurring at an increasing regularity. We have to remember that they occur against the backdrop of Asia's highest military spending ever. In fact, collectively, Asia has spent more on its defence than Europe, in absolute dollars, since 2012. We have exceeded Europe. Rising nationalism and improving economies have fuelled many Asian countries to spend larger and larger sums to modernise their militaries. In itself, this is not wrong. But with more capable militaries, miscalculations or missteps can precipitate serious tensions and even physical conflicts.

As we look around and look at our security challenges, this troubled peace around us reaffirms our policy on steady and prudent defence spending. Mr Zainal Sapari asked about this, as well as Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef. I want to thank Members from all parties here – Non-Constituency Members of Parliament (NCMPs) included – for their steadfast support for the defence budgets over the years. Together, Members in this House were wise not to have taken short periods of peace for granted. As some Members have pointed out, Singapore, too, could have gone down the path of European countries to reap our own "peace dividend" because the threat of communism had waned and we see ASEAN progressing. But if we had been so lulled into that complacent mood and under-invested in defence capabilities, then, just like countries, such as Finland or the Baltic states, I think we would have regretted it now and rushed to catch up. But we avoided spikes or dips in our defence spending and maintained a strong SAF.

The next decade would not be easy for Singapore. In fact, I believe that the next few decades will pose to Singapore its greatest challenge since our Independence. We have never had a situation where our factors of production are on the decline and our needs are going up. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, when our needs were going up, we reaped our demographic dividend. But in 2030, we will have nearly one million people above 65 years old, our workforce is declining and our social spending needs to go up.

2.00 pm

But even as our population ages and social spending increases, we must maintain steady defence spending because that is the most effective way to stretch every defence dollar. It allows us to plan long term. It allows us to avoid disruptive changes from fluctuating expenditures. It is very difficult, as Mr Sapari has pointed out, and other countries have discovered, to suddenly wake up and say, "Oh, I need a stronger defence because the threats have gone worse" and then quickly expect to build a strong defence. It will be too little, too late.

This PAP Government will continue to invest wisely and spend prudently on defence. For MINDEF, we buy only what the SAF needs, and after a robust and stringent evaluation process. We do not go around shopping for expensive or highly sophisticated stuff. We adopt the most cost-effective solution, looking clearly at what we need. And our first preference is to upgrade existing platforms, if we can do it. For example, like the F-16s, we are going to upgrade them. We only buy new equipment if Singapore needs them to maintain that defence edge.

Some Members have asked how I see our defence expenditure going forward. Our defence expenditure has roughly kept pace with inflation, growing by about 4% annually in nominal terms over the past decade. I expect to maintain the same trajectory in the longer term, but we have to watch inflation and see if there is deflation or lower rise of inflation. Sometimes, it does not get passed on to the equipment we buy so quickly. So, we have to observe.

Is this era of troubled peace hyped up? Some have said so. Some have questioned: do we really need that kind of defence? The US, the world's most wealthy democracy with the largest and most capable military, can perhaps take that line and live with the consequences, if something goes wrong. But for Singapore, a little red dot in the middle of a region with extremist threats, rising nationalism and strategic rivalry, we should guard against the worst and prepare ahead.

Indeed, some scholars and even world leaders have suggested that the face of "war" has already changed and is upon us. According to them, unlike in the past when wars were fought in specific localities, today's conflicts are increasingly borderless, and occur wave after wave. So, against extremism, first there was AQ, 9/11. That was weakened. Now, ISIS. But if ISIS is defeated, I believe another group will rise to take its place. It may not be in Iraq or Syria but there is a host of failed states that an extremist group can gain a geographical foothold in and take the resources, whether it is Libya or other countries.

In cyberattacks and biological pandemics, ground-zero can be anywhere. We were worried about bird flu in Indonesia; for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), it was in some parts of the world; Zika virus in some countries; it can arise anywhere and spread very far quickly. This troubled peace, according to this new narrative, is the new normal in our globalised world.

Mr Zaqy Mohamad talked about hybrid warfare that is ongoing. Indeed, it is the antithesis of Total Defence. And if you think about it, that generation was prescient and very clever in launching Total Defence – this was more than 30 years ago – because hybrid warfare is an orchestrated campaign to weaken and fracture the solidarity of a target nation. It is no laughing matter because it is actually being practised.

According to this doctrine, the aggressor targets a specific country or countries and undertakes a long-term campaign to undermine the civil, economic, social, psychological and military defences. That is equivalent to our Total Defence. For example, ISIS employs hybrid warfare skilfully and exploits social media in sophisticated ways to target the young and innocent. Even online games, which seemingly are innocent, are used to socialise youngsters to their cause, and the shocking propaganda videos of beheadings and burning people go viral and attract more sympathisers.

Members have talked about cyberattacks. Cyber attacks are integral parts of hybrid warfare. Last December, unidentified hackers attacked Ukraine's power grid and disrupted electricity to a large part of the country for hours. Just imagine our power grid is down, traffic lights are out, power stations fail – you can gut out the country quite easily.

Adversaries can, therefore, cripple key operating systems of target countries, steal their state and people's secrets, invade the hearts and minds of their people, all without stepping foot onto their soil. Singapore is particularly susceptible to hybrid threats because we are an open economy and connected to the world.

Members here have asked how the SAF should respond in this new normal of troubled peace. I am glad to say that there was foresight in leaders in MINDEF and the SAF to have identified these broad challenges more than a decade ago. It was, as Mr Cedric Foo pointed out, that the previous SAF construct could not have addressed this wider spectrum of threats decisively because the previous structures of the SAF, as Members here know, centred on combined arms within the Army, with a competent Air Force and Navy. They would have been inadequate to deal with non-traditional security challenges – natural disasters or hybrid threats, such as cyberattacks or terrorism. But as Members have pointed out, the spectrum of today's threats continues to widen and evolve and the SAF must adapt. Let me share what the SAF is doing to respond decisively.

With your permission, Mdm Chairman, let me display an infographic on the screens to show how SAF is stepping up for counter-terrorism.

The Chairman: Yes, please. [Slides were shown to hon Members.]

Since 9/11, the SAF has stood up task forces to deal with peacetime threats. These task forces are geared up in high readiness posture, fully manned to respond quickly even with little warning. Let me elaborate on these task forces. The Special Operations Task Force (SOTF) is drawn from the Commandos, the Naval Diving Unit and assets from across the three Services and they will be our SAF's first responders in counter-terrorism and other contingency operations. There is another task force for homeland security and this is called the Island Defence Task Force and it is operational. In other words, it safeguards our homeland security with active and NS servicemen protecting key installations. You would have seen them if you are in Changi Airport, if you are working in Jurong Island and Sembawang Wharves. They regularly conduct patrols with the Home Team and, because they are tasked to deal with real threats, they are armed and given clear rules of engagement.

At sea, the Maritime Security Task Force protects our waterways, and the Air Defence Task Force keeps a close watch over our skies. After the 2008 Mumbai attacks, our response plans were again strengthened to tighten our linkages with home-front and other Government agencies.

We have assessed, as we said, the rising threat of terrorism. In the next few months, the SAF will redouble our efforts to gear up for counter-terrorism. First, studying what happened in Paris, Jakarta and Brussels, the SAF will enhance its incident response. The SOTF must have the capability to respond even faster when activated, and have the means to neutralise armed attackers, in addition to hostage rescue.

Some Members have asked: can we use technology? Indeed, we have to and we must. The SAF is working with our defence engineers and scientists to equip these special forces with better tactical sensors like micro-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), perhaps small enough to fit in your palm and well-suited for urban terrain. We will continue to develop new technologies and tools that will give the SAF an edge in this fight against terror.

In this, working with the Home Team closely and seamlessly is crucial if we are to bring to bear the full strength of our security capabilities. SAF is working closely to share intelligence and develop joint operational command systems. We are conducting more joint exercises together. Last year, Exercise High Crest was conducted to validate our whole-of-Government response to simultaneous maritime security threats. In that exercise, various agencies, the Singapore Police Force (SPF), the Home Team, SAF, the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) and the Maritime and Port Authority (MPA), worked together to intercept a terrorist speedboat, storm a hijacked merchant vessel and deal with the aftermath.

Second, more SAF units will be trained to take on a wider range of security tasks. We do not assume, as Ms Low Yen Ling says, that attacks will only be carried out by lone wolves or wolf packs – smaller groups – like those which occurred in Jakarta. We must be able to deal with orchestrated attacks, like those which occurred in Paris and Brussels, where airports, mass rapid transit (MRT) stations, shopping malls and town centres are targeted simultaneously. To deal with these scenarios, more SAF units will be trained to conduct deterrence patrols in populous areas. These units will be better equipped to perform their tasks. So, for example, we commissioned last year the Peacekeeper Protected Response Vehicle (PRV), which will give our responders greater mobility, protection and more precise firepower to deal decisively with threats.

How do we train? I think that is a question that some Members asked, including Mr Cedric Foo. I agree with Members that for SAF soldiers to competently undertake this range of missions, we will have to continue to invest in new and realistic training facilities. SAF has decided to build a new high-density urban training facility and this will have features, such as high-rise buildings, mock-up transport nodes and complex road networks. And that will provide a highly realistic training ground for counter-terrorism as well as conventional urban operations.

But as some Members rightly pointed out, beyond our homeland response here, we need to address the threat at its source. Because only when the source of the threat and recruitment is diminished or eradicated, can the situation here improve. It was so for AQ. If we did not address or diminish the capability of AQ, more cells like JI would flourish. This is why Singapore has been involved in multinational counter-terrorism operations since 2007, first, against AQ in Afghanistan, and now against ISIS.

Last year, the SAF deployed our KC-135R tanker to support air-to-air refuelling operations, and we also deployed an Imagery Analysis Team (IAT). This IAT is tasked to monitor suspected terrorist facilities and activities to help the coalition partners in disrupting supply chains that feed terror networks here. The commanders there have commended our efforts and asked the SAF to continue the IAT deployment which we have extended for another year this year.

Even as the SAF gears up for troubled peace and the present threat of terrorism, the SAF will continue to conduct realistic exercises at a high tempo to maintain a strong deterrence. Members, such as Ms Jessica Tan, have asked about this, whether they are important. I will tell Members that they are very important because that is where we can validate our capabilities. Singapore is not very large to train in. My Terrexes can go at 70-90 kilometres/hour. Training exercises might be finished in 15 minutes if you are going at that speed.

We need the large space because we have so many platforms, so many different units working to bring it together and say, "Would it work? Can we talk? Can we hit a moving target? Can we orchestrate and how quickly? Can we learn from the mistakes?"

So, we need the places, as we do in the US in Exercise Forging Sabre, and Exercise Wallaby in Australia and Exercise Cope Tiger in Thailand, not only to validate our systems, but in joint exercises to benchmark our own capabilities and to show others our capabilities. Because when the SAF is able to perform in exercises, people will take us seriously.

2.15 pm

We will continue these exercises and we want to make sure that they are mindful of NSmen's commitments. Even the NSmen who have gone, when I talked to them after their exercises, they feel motivated. They feel, "Oh, I did something, I can manoeuvre here". I remember visiting some of them in Bionixes, and they said, "Here I can manoeuvre a lot, whereas in Singapore, you know, it is short circuits".

Most recently, the SAF took over command of the Combined Task Force 151 for the fourth time for our counter-piracy efforts. Some Members have pointed out that piracy has occurred in the Straits of Malacca as well as the South China Sea. We believe that we should help contain piracy in any part of the world and, so, we are in the Gulf of Aden.

As Members have pointed out, we may be called to help in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) missions and peace support operations like the Nepal earthquake and the forest fires in Chiang Mai and Palembang, and we will train for that – something which Mr Cedric Foo asked about. We will look at not only training, but set-up structures, which is why we started the Regional HADR Coordination Centre in Changi.

Some of you have asked about shrinking manpower pools and how we can address this. I think Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef noted the demographic trends and Ms Jessica Tan asked how technology can continue to be used to maintain the SAF's edge. I agree with the Members that it is a vital tool, without which we cannot multiply our efforts.

Ms Jessica Tan asked how we can continue to compete for defence engineering scholars. First of all, we will compete. I want my unfair share. SAF wants its unfair share. We will introduce a new SAF Engineering Scholarship to attract bright young individuals with the interest and commitment to join SAF as military engineers. Just as with the recipients of the SAF Scholarship, those who take up this SAF Engineering Scholarship will be able to depart for their university studies earlier, so that, on their return, they can apply their specialised skills and knowledge to the SAF as military engineers. This is important because they will form the next generation of leaders in our engineering corps to ensure that we maintain an edge in defence technology.

Some Members – Mr Pritam Singh and Mr Zainal Sapari – have asked about hardware. We will continue to refresh and upgrade platforms at a sustainable pace. This is in lieu of a White Paper. Our SAF is not very big that there will be much more information that I can give in the White Paper than what I am telling Members here. So, if Members see what we have in Changi Naval Base, see what we have in Sungei Gedong, see what we have in the airbases, it is all there.

The fact that we primarily raise the SAF for deterrence, people understand. And we make friends with other people. We are not quite like Australia, which I think needs a White Paper for now and then to, as Mr Pritam Singh say, show others. For Singapore, for the SAF, we make friends with everyone and our defence is purely for deterrence.

The Navy is acquiring eight versatile Littoral Mission Vessels (LMVs) to replace our long-serving Patrol Vessels. The first LMV, Independence, was launched in July last year and is expected to be operational by early next year. We have two new Type 218SG submarines. I will tell Members that the development is on track. They will replace the ageing Challenger-class submarines and should be commissioned by 2020.

This year, the Army will also launch a new Protected Combat Support Vehicle to provide better protection and mobility for our supporting troops. For RSAF, our Super Pumas and some of our Chinooks are ageing and will need to be replaced. We are finalising our evaluations and expect the new RSAF helicopters soon. We will announce it when we finish the evaluations. For the F-16s, as I have said, we are upgrading them with more advanced radars – the Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radars – and air-to-ground weapons.

The SAF will deploy more unmanned platforms, beyond what we already have – the UAVs, so that manpower resources can be freed up for other missions. The Navy envisages that unmanned vessels may eventually complement our ships to patrol our waterways and clear underwater mines. Likewise, our Army may use Unmanned Ground Vehicles to conduct security patrols.

Mr Vikram Nair, Mr Low Thia Khiang and Mr Cedric Foo asked about our cyber defences – well put questions. We consider this threat as a very serious one. It can potentially be more destructive than even physical intrusion, because it can disrupt our key installations. I would say that this is also a national priority. Nationally, the Cyber Security Agency (CSA) was launched last year under the aegis of the Prime Minister's Office (PMO); overseeing is PMO and Deputy Prime Minister Teo who oversees the National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS). Some of the Members' specific questions on national security should be put to that agency.

But for the SAF, as Mr Low rightly pointed out, what we set up recently was a Cyber Defence Operations Hub (CDOH). We will have to increase the headcount. I will not give Members the exact numbers but I will just say that we will double the headcount by 2020.

Cyber intrusions occur daily. For those in this business, it is not tens; it is not hundreds; it is not thousands; it is hundreds of thousands or millions of network event logs. You use algorithms, smart software, to try to remove the bulk of them and identify suspected intrusions. But what you are worried about are not the ones that sort of deface your page and make you lose face but does not really affect you. What you are worried about is cyber attack, things that can burrow into your systems, steal secrets or have a trigger at a particular time to render you defenceless.

This is of national importance. There is structure, there is organisation, and much of it is what we call "security by design". You design security into your networks even as you build them. You can address these questions, as I have said, at the national level to CSA.

For the SAF, we expect to use more artificial intelligence and better data analytics to detect and respond to these cyber threats. We will build greater security into our software design, shore up the defences in our network architecture to make them more resistant and resilient to cyberattacks. This includes hardware infrastructure. There will also be substantial investment into developing more and better-trained cyber defence personnel. The SAF will work with the national CSA.

We spend a significant amount of our resources to maintain a strong defence but, even so, Singapore cannot face our security threats alone. It is foolhardy to try, and we will fail. For example, to stop the spread of terrorism globally, we are stepping up our intelligence-sharing with our neighbours in Malaysia and Indonesia, and partners, such as the US and Australia, so that they can provide us with early warning and help us apprehend suspects that intend to do us harm. This is particularly important as militants have been using Southeast Asia as a transit point.

Beyond intelligence, we continue to build up enduring partnerships to strengthen regional security. Mr Baey Yam Keng and Mr Vikram Nair asked about our defence diplomacy efforts. We are friends with all and we cultivate relations with all, and we continue to build good ties with our closest neighbours, the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) and the TNI, the Indonesian National Defence Forces. We will also be celebrating the 40th anniversary of our defence relations with Brunei this year.

Mr Vikram Nair asked about China and the US. Last December, US Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter and I concluded the enhanced Defence Cooperation Agreement. This agreement updates and deepens our defence ties to cover non-conventional security areas, such as counter-terrorism, biosecurity and cyber defence. It is that close relationship with the US which has given us access to much-needed training space and high-end defence technology. Whether it is our F-16, F-15, Chinook or Apache helicopters, our pilots train extensively in the US and they are given access to training areas many times the size of Singapore.

Mr Nair asked about China. We agreed on a Four-Point Consensus for our military ties in 2014, to "promote confidence building… and strengthen practical cooperation". With China, we introduced a new bilateral naval exercise series named Maritime Cooperation last year. We will build on these initiatives to encourage China to continue to play a peaceful and constructive role in the region.

Mr Baey Yam Keng asked about Australia, on the CSP. The defence relationship is a very important one. Many SAF servicemen go to Exercise Wallaby, train in sizeable areas and we hope that this partnership will take us even further in personnel exchanges, counter-terrorism and R&D collaborations, through CSP that the two Prime Ministers endorsed last year.

Apart from our bilateral efforts, some Members have asked, as Mr Baey Yam Keng did, about the Shangri-La Dialogue and ADMM. Some Members have asked why we engage in these. To paraphrase Churchill, "jaw-jaw is better than war-war". Yes, this requires effort but, more importantly, coming together as a defence community promotes a rules-based security architecture, things that we can agree on, that are underpinned by international law and which create opportunities for dialogue and practical cooperation. Sometimes, it helps us, as some Members rightly pointed out, in responding to contingencies and crises like HADR.

But let me nuance that. We are not NATO. It will take us a long time before we think of ourselves to be anything like NATO, and I am not even sure if the NATO structure is optimal for ASEAN. We cooperate in partnerships with the understanding that it cannot mean that you subsume your sovereignty or your control of your military forces to other countries. It just will not work in ASEAN.

Where we can, we will cooperate and have dialogue. For example, the ADMM-Plus Maritime Security and Counter-Terrorism Exercise will be conducted this year, which Singapore will co-organise. It will involve 18 militaries and build trust among one another and reduce the risk of mishaps at sea.

Mdm Chair, Total Defence was launched more than 30 years ago, as Mr Zaqy Mohamad pointed out. But the threat that we now face from extremist groups like ISIS makes Total Defence more relevant than ever. Because just as damaging as physical harm, extremists can sow deep mistrust among Singaporeans and weaken our social cohesion.

The crucial question is this: after an extremist attack, will it splinter our society? Will it paralyse Singaporeans and sow discord through fear? We want to hear what Singaporeans hope to do to strengthen Total Defence and encourage more ground-up ideas. Senior Minister of State Mohamad Maliki and Senior Minister of State Ong Ye Kung are leading these efforts and will share more about our SGFuture engagements later.

Mr Pritam Singh asked if MINDEF or SAF should do more, whether it is a Defence White Paper or other aspects, to shore up support by Singaporeans and external countries in terms of our defence capabilities or defence intentions. I think that is a noble goal. How we do it effectively, we can discuss. But I would say that we conduct periodic polls – these are sometimes population surveys. Thankfully, the support for defence has been very high. In last August's polls, 97% of Singaporean respondents felt that the Government had performed well in defence and national security.

At the core of Total Defence is societal trust – trust among one another as citizens, trust between commanders and soldiers, trust between the Government and people, trust between the SAF and those we promise to protect.

The SAF knows that it can only build this trust by living by its values. One core value which all soldiers pledge is to defend Singapore with their lives. SAF commanders and soldiers must put Singapore and Singaporeans first, above their own well-being, whether it is in training or operations.

2.30 pm

Six years ago, both engines of one of our Apache helicopters failed mid-flight. Apache has got two engines; both failed. For MAJ Adrian Quek and MAJ Spencer Ler, let me just say, it would not be an exaggeration to say that probably their lives flashed before their eyes and their lives were at actual risk – it could have been their last flight. But they acted professionally and, as every airman is taught, ensured that civilian lives were not put at risk, even if it meant endangering their own.

They glided in free fall from 10,000 feet, reached the ground in two minutes. In the meantime, while they were in free fall, they manoeuvred the helicopter down to an open field away from buildings. The pilots survived and, more importantly, no civilians were injured.

We see this duty to put others before self, exemplified by our own NSFs. Three years ago, LTA Kamalasivam, put his life on the line to save a recruit during a live grenade exercise. The recruit had accidentally released the hand grenade lever. As many Members here who have done National Service know, when you release the lever, you throw the grenade, because that is when the grenade is activated. He released it. This officer did not panic, immediately instructed the recruit to throw the grenade, then shielded the recruit as he pulled both of them down behind the concrete walls. Fortunately, both escaped with minor wounds.

I wish I could promise Singaporeans that risks do not exist for our SAF soldiers who are asked to protect Singaporeans, who are asked to train hard and conduct missions. But all of you know that risks exist for all militaries – whether it is helicopters, infantry or ships. We will do all that we can to carry out our training and missions safely, because each life in Singapore is precious.

Ultimately, I would say, for the SAF, the lives of Singaporeans must come first. [A slide was shown to hon Members] That is MAJ Quek and MAJ Ler, and that is LTA Kamalasivam receiving the SAF Medal for Distinguished Act on SAF Day. He was an NSman; after the incident, he decided to sign on and be a regular. I am very happy he joined the SAF. These two pilots and this officer exemplify the core value of selfless service in the SAF.

Mdm Chair, in this troubled peace, the SAF will train hard, prepare well and continually adapt to protect Singapore. I again ask and thank Members of this House and Singaporeans for their unstinting support and commitment to maintain our strong defence. With Singaporeans strongly behind and with us, the SAF will respond decisively to all those who seek to do us harm and protect this precious island we call home.

Training and Learning Systems

Mr Lee Yi Shyan (East Coast): Mdm Chair, as the Minister for Defence has just assured the House, SAF is respected as a strong and professional armed forces. In addition to having cutting-edge capabilities, a key element in maintaining a strong and professional armed forces is effective training.

At MINDEF's COS debate in 2015, Minister Ng Eng Hen also said that the SAF had consistently benchmarked with militaries from other advanced countries and tested its systems through realistic training and real operations. He also discussed ways in which MINDEF and SAF had been prudent in their land use for training space.

Given Singapore's land constraints and the increasing complexity in the battlefield, in what new ways is SAF improving its training and learning systems in a way that overcomes resource constraints? How is SAF ensuring that our servicemen maintain a high-level of operational readiness?

The Chairman: Mr Pritam Singh, you have two cuts. Please take them together.

NS Training System

Mr Pritam Singh: Mdm Chairperson, the NS training system has come a long way, helped in no small part by MINDEF's readiness to take on board the inputs of NSmen and their families. It bears repeating that NSmen are frontline soldiers and training must be taken seriously. However, for some soldiers, there are some areas of the NS training cycle that can be improved, subject to operational and budgetary exigencies.

One suggestion is to consider how more NSmen can be deployed to the NS units more quickly than before; ideally not more than two years after their operationally-ready date. This would have the advantage of ensuring that the fitness levels of NSmen remain relatively high with a less steep physical training curve when preparing for the Individual Physical Proficiency Tests (IPPTs) or in-camp trainings (ICTs).

Secondly, I would like to seek an update with regard to the mismatch between high and low-key ICTs for some NSmen. Some clock many low-key ICTs and fewer high-key ones, leading to a long wait before they are emplaced on MINDEF's reserve list. To what extent have SAF NS units been able to implement make-up high-key ICTs as recommended by the Committee to Strengthen National Service (CSNS)?

Finally, MINDEF has been generous towards NSmen over the years, topping up our Central Provident Fund (CPF) accounts through our NS journey. However, in view of the renewed impetus towards lifelong learning and particularly SkillsFuture, can I ask MINDEF, when it next reviews its NS policies, to consider topping up the accounts of NSmen with additional SkillsFuture credits through the course of their NS training cycle in recognition of their lifelong commitment towards National Service?

Training Safety

Mdm Chairperson, one of the things that goes under the radar for many Singaporeans is the intensity at which the SAF plans and trains for war, and for operations other than war. This is not surprising as a lot of our training is done overseas in view of the shortage of training grounds in Singapore, with the SAF going to places such as Germany, France, Australia, Thailand, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Brunei, New Zealand and the US, amongst others, in addition to ad hoc exercises with countries like China.

It is inevitable that with such a high training tempo, accidents and mishaps can happen, in spite of the SAF's best efforts and the best efforts of the commanders. I would like to suggest that MINDEF consider ramping up publicity of its training safety efforts for the general public's information. A section or a part of all open houses and public outreach campaigns can be dedicated to this purpose. While the information may not attract as many viewers as a Leopard tank on display, it would be an important reflection of MINDEF's commitment to safe and tough training in a realistic environment.

Support for NS

Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef: Madam, defence of a nation is critical. For Singapore, our position at the crossroads of global trade and travel makes it a very strategic as well as a very vulnerable location. Thus, in defending our nation, every effort, every individual counts. The SAF Volunteer Corps (VC) was introduced to enable persons who are not eligible for National Service to come forward to serve. They are altruistic individuals and they act as our defence ambassadors, doing so voluntarily.

Can MINDEF update us on the initial batches of the Volunteer Corps? What has the experience been training them? Also, are there refinements needed to the scheme?

We also welcome the many advocates who support our National Service and defence movement in Singapore. These persons and organisations are representatives from businesses, institutions, individuals and even small and medium enterprise (SME) employees. How does MINDEF plan to continue to engage this important group of people and organisations and continue to strengthen our relationship with them into the future?

Recognition in NS System

Ms Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar): Mdm Chair, allow me to begin, first, by stating my appreciation on behalf of many mothers, the good work that NS has done to help our boys become men.

Our NSmen form the backbone of our national defence system. As a small country with an ageing population, we have to plan well to enable each serviceman to maximise his potential in protecting Singapore. To fulfil their duties, our servicemen have to make a lot of sacrifices, take time from their studies, work and family life. So, it is only appropriate that they be given due recognition.

Hence, I was glad that CSNS was set up to examine how the NS system can be strengthened for the future. Based on feedback, CSNS made recommendations in five areas: (a) strengthening NS training system; (b) increasing opportunities for NSmen to contribute; (c) establishing the SAF Volunteer Corps (SAFVC); (d) enhancing recognition and benefits for NSmen; and (e) expanding community support for NSmen.

As a result, MINDEF and MHA adjusted the pre-enlistment medical screening and administration schedule to enlist servicemen between four to six months. Last year, MINDEF also announced the revamp of the National Service Recognition Award (NSRA) into the NS HOME (Housing, Medical and Education) Awards, which will provide additional MediSave and MediShield Life grants.

Would the Ministry provide an update on new initiatives by CSNS? How has MINDEF continued its efforts to recognise the contributions of our NSmen?

National Servicemen

Dr Lim Wee Kiak (Sembawang): Madam, the first batch of 9,000 youths were called-up for NS in 1967 where they spent two to two-and-half-years in full-time service and thereafter more than a decade serving NS for a few weeks annually. They are all part of the Pioneer Generation. Now they are 67 years old.

Every Singaporean will know of someone serving or have served NS. That someone may be a father, husband, brother, son or, for some, even grandson. Occasionally, we are reminded of NS when we turn on our TV or radio. We hear the broadcast about mobilisation, of in-camp training as well as mobilisation of resources with certain call signs.

But beneath this calm and peaceful environment, thousands of men are donned in their green fatigues or pixelated uniforms on land, air and sea. A small part of them are professional soldiers but the bulk are our operationally-ready NSmen. They have trained hard in all aspects of warfare, sometimes in the day and other times at night. Some would go overseas to train in various terrains, brave the thunderstorms during the monsoon season, or brave the gales and high seas, jumping off the plane with parachute and so on and so forth. Combat ration and cup noodles are luxuries during field training. Sometimes, night becomes day and day becomes night. When in uniform, you do not worry about time. Your focus is achieving your mission, meeting your combat objectives. How do I know? Well, I know all these because we have been there, done that with our fellow NSmen. I am still an active NS Navy medical officer.

Because we have a strong defence force as a foundation, this peace and security allows us to prosper and thrive. Our NSmen answered to the call of the nation and serve in various vocations in the armed forces a few weeks annually. During those few weeks, they will miss their families; their work will be shouldered by colleagues at their workplaces.

NS has done a lot for our country. Apart from putting up a strong defence force, NS also builds up a strong spirit of camaraderie – a Singapore identity among the men. NS is a platform that allows men to gel, eat, sleep and train together regardless of race, language or religion. NS is a passage, a bonding experience, for many Singaporeans across all walks of life.

Intake after intake, our NSmen have answered to the call of duty. Their competence and commitment are, indeed, qualities that would make every employer proud. Our men have undertaken so many missions, from humanitarian missions in the aftermath of natural disasters to participating in United Nations multinational military missions.

I would like to ask the Minister how MINDEF or SAF can do more to recognise the sacrifices and commitment of our NSmen. Since our NSmen contributed and played an important role in our country's security, perhaps we should consider other quantifiable way of taking care of them, such as providing them free coverage through MediShield Life when they are 60 years old and above. Since they have spent their youth defending our country, it is only right for the country to take care of them when they are old.

As NSmen form the majority of personnel in our defence force, they are assets to our defence. It is also important to provide training and develop our NSmen both professionally and personally. What are the programmes available in this aspect and what can MINDEF do more in this area?

Compensation for SAF Personnel

Mr Muhamad Faisal Bin Abdul Manap (Aljunied): Madam, I have two suggestions and three clarifications on SAF compensation.

First, will MINDEF consider including psychological issues, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression arising from training or operations, in its definition of disability? This condition can be debilitating over the long term and affect the ability to perform duties or work after leaving the service.

Second, Singapore spends large amounts on defence annually. How do we allocate funds to ensure that our NSFs and NSmen are adequately covered? How does MINDEF advise its members on SAF Group Insurance and ascertain that they are adequately insured? Will MINDEF consider covering the full cost of insurance or co-paying private insurance when citizens serve their NS obligations?

2.45 pm

Third, how does MINDEF assess the adequacy of the Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)-based compensation model? An injured or disabled person may need long-term care, equipment or facilities that go beyond medical services or prosthetics. This may drain the family financially and emotionally and may even require a family member to leave work to provide long-term care. How does MINDEF assess if the permanent loss of income and the cost of care for the lifetime of a disabled person are adequately covered?

Fourth, does the compensation framework take into consideration cases where injured service personnel are ineligible for insurance coverage after they leave the service or are forced to pay much higher premiums?

Lastly, what is the total amount MINDEF sets aside for compensation and support for long-term disability or death in this year's Budget?

Total Defence

Dr Teo Ho Pin (Bukit Panjang): Madam, the recent terrorist attacks in many countries, such as Belgium, France, India and Indonesia, have raised concerns among many Singaporeans. Today, extremists are influenced by misinformation and wrong religious teachings to cause harm to innocent people. The change of tactics by these extremists to attack soft attacks, such as concert halls and cafes, has posed new challenges to the security forces of many countries and their people. Besides causing physical damage to property and killing innocent lives, these terrorist attacks have also affected the trust among different races and religions or between the government and its people. Thus, many countries are stepping up their anti-terrorism efforts to cope with these new threats.

Likewise, in Singapore, our Government has been strengthening our Total Defence capabilities to protect Singaporeans and prepare them for such attacks. In view of the rising security threats, I wish to ask the Ministry the following questions: (a) what is the total defence readiness of Singaporeans; and (b) what more can be done to strengthen resilience among Singaporeans?

Madam, I am concerned that many Singaporeans are still not well equipped to handle emergencies, such as bomb explosions or natural disasters. Many do not have basic emergency preparedness (EP) knowledge or skills, such as first-aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), automated external defibrillator (AED), and are not aware of EP response protocol. I understand that SG Secure will be conducting EP skills training in the community. I hope that Singaporeans will adopt a more serious attitude to learn and practise these skills properly. EP skills will make a difference between life and death in times of emergencies.

The Chairman: Mr Amrin Amin, you have three cuts. Please take them together.

Mr Amrin Amin (Sembawang): Thank you, Mdm Chair. On Total Defence, we face a growing threat of extremist ideologies that threaten to undermine our multiracial and multi-religious harmony and divide us. What role can Total Defence play in strengthening our resilience against such threats? What are MINDEF's efforts in fostering Singaporeans' commitment to Total Defence?

Resilience in the Face of Challenges

Threats and challenges to our security continue to evolve. Global security developments, such as terrorism, epidemics, economic crisis and environmental disaster, impact Singaporeans at home and abroad. What role can Singaporeans play in defence and how can we be a resilient society in the face of such varied security challenges?

Commitment to Defence

The most advanced military hardware in the world would be useless without the willingness of our people to defend the country. Our safety and security depend on the contributions of all Singaporeans. Singapore is worth defending and can be defended. This core belief must be instilled and maintained in every Singaporean. What we cannot defend, we do not own. How is MINDEF engaging Singaporeans to strengthen the commitment in the defence of Singapore?

Mr Lee Yi Shyan: Mdm Chair, last year, Singaporeans celebrated its Golden Jubilee during which we recognised the contributions of the Pioneer Generation and leaders in nation-building. Thanks to them, Singaporeans have enjoyed decades of relative peace and stability. For the younger generations of Singaporeans, events, such as Konfrontasi, racial riots and Singapore's road to Independence, are study subjects rather than personal memories.

For many in the younger generation, the outpouring of recollections when Mr Lee Kuan Yew passed on, may have been the first time they learned of the hardships our Pioneers had endured to build the Singapore of today. Even as we move past SG50 and SAF50 celebrations, there are still many ways in which we can recognise our Pioneers and tap on their wealth of experiences.

How is MINDEF working to engage younger generations of Singaporeans on defence issues and foster a stronger commitment to defence amongst our youths? Does MINDEF plan to tap on the experiences and wisdom of SAF Pioneers? How is MINDEF using social media to engage young people and Singaporeans at large?

Given the multifaceted nature of threats to Singapore's security, all Singaporeans must stand ready to play their part in the Total Defence of Singapore. Modern threats evolve quickly and our concept of Total Defence must also be updated to adapt to global, regional and societal developments and challenges. Can MINDEF provide an update on its 2016 Total Defence Campaign?

Navy Vessels

Mr Muhamad Faisal Bin Abdul Manap: Madam, I am a strong believer in having an inclusive and open SAF that is fair and just to all Singaporeans regardless of race, language and religion. As such, in the COS debate last year, I urged the Minister to seriously consider the possibility of ensuring that all navy vessels are equipped with halal-certified kitchens so that Malay/Muslim Singaporeans will be able to serve freely in the navy vessels without any constraint. I would like to seek an update from the Minister on whether MINDEF has made any progress on this matter in making navy vessels more friendly to Malay/Muslim Singaporeans. If efforts have been made, how many vessels out of the total number currently in active service have halal-certified kitchens?

I understand that SAF's deployment of our NS soldiers is based on aptitude, abilities and commitment to Singapore. I would like to see the practical issues, such as the installation of a halal-certified kitchen on board a navy vessel, addressed and resolved promptly, so as not to further deprive and shatter the dreams of eligible Malay/Muslim Singaporeans from serving our nation in the navy on board a navy vessel.

Update on the Advisory Council on Community Relations in Defence

Mr Baey Yam Keng: The Advisory Council on Community Relations in Defence (ACCORD) serves as a channel for the community to provide feedback on issues concerning Singapore's defence. Besides the NSmen, regulars and NSmen, the buy-in extends to their families, friends, colleagues and society at large. Practically everyone in Singapore has a stake. ACCORD members have played and are playing a significant part in building public acceptance and support for Singapore's security and defence needs.

Can MINDEF provide an update on the work of various ACCORD Councils in the past year? How extensive and representative has public engagement been and will be done?

Mdm Chair, building buy-in from stakeholders and the larger community is a two-way process. SAF also has to be understanding, accommodating and compassionate while maintaining the integrity of our defence system where it is the duty of every Singaporean man.

Recently, a resident came to my Meet-the-People session to appeal for a 15-day exemption from a one-month-long mobilisation manning period. This is because his company just sent him on a five-day incentive trip to Europe for his outstanding work performance. But he only got to know about this one week before the manning period. As it was a rare opportunity for him, he would like to extend his trip for another 11 days on a personal holiday.

So, the human resources department of his company, which is a major local bank, emailed to the SAF to appeal for him. It was a very cordial and professional email. So, I was quite surprised with the tone of the reply by the Commanding Officer (CO), and I quote an extract: "I still have the prerogative to fully reject his request to even go for the business trip, let alone the personal trip. I have not received his payslip and commission. I have also not been furnished the total cost of business trip to Italy. I have to finally state categorically that I manage 300+ men. The standards I set have to be complied with by the rest of the men. It is not as simple as you may think."

I am glad that my resident eventually managed to get permission to go on his incentive trip, but not the extension. However, I feel that the CO could have been friendlier and understanding when he dealt with the company which was appealing for its staff. I am sure such instances are very rare, but I do hope that MINDEF could advise their officers to be more mindful.

The Chairman: Senior Minister of State Ong Ye Kung.

The Senior Minister of State for Defence (Mr Ong Ye Kung): Mdm Chair, I am having a bad cough but I will try my best.

As our security environment becomes increasingly complex and volatile, we need not only advanced equipment and technologies, but also the continued contribution and commitment of every NSman.

Today, I will talk about three areas of efforts important to NSmen – effective training, meaningful recognition and instilling pride. In the process, I should be able to answer most of the questions raised by Members in their cuts.

Mr Lee Yi Shyan asked about improvement in our training and learning systems. The soldiering skills of our servicemen are gained, honed and maintained through rigorous training. But Singapore does not have large tracts of land for military training and we have to make training realistic through innovative means.

Take, for example, live-firing. To allow servicemen to gain greater confidence in their shooting skills and handling weapon systems, live-firing ranges are now equipped with targetry systems that can replicate realistic operational scenarios.

Further, live training is augmented by simulation training, which develops our soldiers' cognitive decision-making skills, while sharpening their physical war-fighting skills. One example is the Motorised Infantry Simulator Centre, launched in October 2015. It hosts a suite of simulators that provide tactical training for selected weapons and platforms.

Besides rigour and realism, another critical element of training is safety. Mr Pritam Singh asked about public engagement on training safety. I think this is a very valid concern that we also share. SAF has a very good safety record. But we are not congratulating ourselves. Instead, we will strive to continue to improve.

We recognise that for every Singaporean male serving NS, there will be loved ones at home worrying about their safety. To give them peace of mind, family members who visit the Basic Military Training Centre (BMTC) are shown how training is conducted and the safety precautions we take.

Training safety is also featured in many of our public engagement events. And I have noted Mr Pritam Singh's suggestions for more of them. I hope the Members of this House, especially all those like Dr Lim Wee Kiak, who are still actively serving NS, will help us by playing a part to assure the public and all our residents on our strong emphasis on training safety.

Unfortunately, much as we try, there will inevitably be injuries and casualties. Mr Faisal Manap asked about our compensation framework, and gave several suggestions, when that happens.

Our compensation framework takes reference from and is more generous than that under the Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA). Any compensation amounts are generally two to four times that provided under WICA. MINDEF also pays for all necessary medical expenses incurred at Government and restructured hospitals or clinics for the treatment of service-related injury, for as long as required. Beyond compensation provisions, our welfare frameworks provide additional support to the servicemen and their families through the SAF Benevolent Fund and the SAF Care Fund.

But any form of compensation would never be adequate to make up for any permanent loss of limb, or worse, life. Mr Faisal Manap rattled off many suggestions. I was trying to catch them, after hearing them for the first time. But the impression I get is, I think, do not go down the road where recognition of NS becomes a valuation of the sacrifice and any compensation counts to the dollar. Because it will never be enough. You lost a limb, you lost a loved one. It will never be enough. But we will have to do what we can that is fair, and we hope that our compensation and welfare frameworks can provide adequate support when unfortunate incidents happen in the course of service.

Mr Pritam Singh also asked about the management of NSmen undergoing Operationally Ready NS (ORNS). Let us first talk about when ORNS starts. And I must say that it is also in the interest of the SAF for ORNS to start as soon as possible. But not in the first year, because those would have just "ORD-ed" or completed their compulsory two-year NS stint, and it is quite difficult for them to be called back in the first year.

3.00 pm

Currently, the majority of NSmen in operational units are called up for ORNS training within the first two years after their ORD. But some NSmen may begin their ORNS training cycle later for a variety of reasons, such as their being overseas for work or study, deferred due to heavy commitments, academic or professional, or they are pending medical reviews. They may also be trainers or headquarter staff who do not have a unit and need to be redeployed to another unit. That accounts for the majority of the reasons why ORNS starts later for certain people.

Notwithstanding, where feasible, we will ensure ORNS training starts as soon as possible. It is in our interest because, especially when you ORD as a unit, you want to keep the unit together and the camaraderie going.

There are a few ways. One way is to ensure that the first few years of ORNS comprise shorter, low-key trainings. And that facilitates the calling up. Second, we have tied up with local universities to facilitate the call-up of the students. This also ensures that ORNS training starts early. Third, is to make some changes to how we deploy NSmen. For example, trainers who went through full-time NS at the Basic Military Training Centre (BMTC) may be deployed as training instructors at our Training Institutes. These measures ensure that ORNS training starts early. More importantly, it holds the unit together, keeping the camaraderie going.

Then, there is the issue of when ORNS ends. Since 2006, we were able to reduce the ORNS cycle from 13 years to 10 years. A great number were able to complete by their early 30s, when they have many more preoccupations in life. There is a structure to the 10 years of ORNS – starting with low-key, perhaps company-level training, before ramping up to high-key, longer exercises.

However, when an NSman misses a high-key training due to health reasons, extended overseas assignment or, like Mr Baey Yam Keng just told the story, due to being given an incentive trip, he may then disrupt his ORNS cycle. Some of us may have experienced that ourselves and we end up undergoing more low-key ICTs and not fulfilling our high-key ones. There are a couple of scenarios when that happens; when you miss high-key ICTs. If he remains in the same unit, then he may be called up for other ORNS activities throughout the year, such as operational briefings, exercise preparations. These are typically low-key ICTs and they clock up. If he is deployed to another unit, he will then follow the operational requirements and call-ups of the new unit, which will include both low- and high-key ICTs.

Ultimately, this is not an easy issue. Deferments for various work, health, family reasons, they are ever rising. We are all getting so busy, and the SAF needs to be understanding to these competing life priorities – a point that Mr Baey had just made, too. But, at the same time, this disrupts and affects the completion of the ORNS cycle. We will continue to do our best to facilitate as many NSmen as possible to complete their ORNS cycle early, while meeting the SAF's operational needs.

Ms Joan Pereira and Dr Lim Wee Kiak asked about updates on what we can do more in terms of recognition for NSmen, and this is one of the key recommendations of CSNS. We have been finding ways to show appreciation to our NSmen and those who support them – the NSman Tax Relief, National Service Housing, Medical and Education (NS HOME) Awards, SAFRA facilities. These forms of recognition are important to let them know that their sacrifices are deeply appreciated and for the greater good of Singapore. We will enhance the recognition for NSmen in three ways.

First, today, we have the Family Recognition Voucher scheme where NSmen receive vouchers which they can use at many outlets and merchants. We will enhance it and rename it as the NS Excellence Award. But the change is not just in name. The number of NSmen who are awarded vouchers in recognition of their good performance during ICTs and NS courses will increase. Today, it is the top 10%; it will increase to the top 30%. The amount will also increase. The top 10% will receive $200 while the next 20% will receive $100, which is the amount awarded today. We will also be introducing Celebratory Gifts for NSmen. They will receive $100 worth of vouchers when they get married or welcome a new child into their families.

Second, in the later part of 2016, we will enhance the basic life and personal accident insurance coverage for NSmen from SAF, SPF and SCDF. This will cover all incidents during full-time NS and ORNS activities. Each serviceman will be covered for $150,000 in group term life and in group personal accident insurance.

Third, we will improve SAFRA facilities. The new SAFRA Punggol club will be completed in April 2016. Actually, it is kind of completed and is just waiting to be opened. I have visited the clubhouse. It has a very attractive set of facilities. In the northeastern region, there are 82,000 NSmen and their families. I believe the clubhouse will serve them well. But ultimately, the best reward for NSmen is that, together, all of us, we live in a peaceful Singapore and our families are safe. That is the best form of recognition.

Dr Lim Wee Kiak also asked what more we can do to help NSmen in their professional and personal development.

Today, SAF already deploys some NSFs to vocations where their existing skills can contribute to operational requirements. These include NSFs with relevant medical or engineering backgrounds, who can serve as medics or technicians or navy medical officers.

In addition, we will continue to work with the Workforce Development Agency (WDA) to accredit the leadership and vocational skills learnt during NS, such as for military police, paramedics, and aircraft technicians. This would be useful to our NSmen. We will do more to consider the skills and abilities of our servicemen during deployment, while balancing operational requirements. For example, the manning of critical vocations and commander positions must always remain a priority. Ironically, these are the key positions where you do not receive skills certificates.

In NS, the commanders always say, "In NS, we chiong sua". It means we charge up the hills together, build camaraderie, train together, and that is something we take back and is valuable to us, but there is no certificate for that. But each of us understands, that when we went through that, we took back something and we grew from "boys to men".

We must also recognise stakeholders that support NS, something that Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef raised. Last year, we revamped the Total Defence Awards and recognised 122 NS Advocates who have demonstrated tremendous support for NS. There is one example. Digistore Solutions Pte Ltd is an SME that has provided strong support for their NSmen employees. In addition to ensuring that their employees' work responsibilities are covered, they provide paid family trips to nearby locations, such as Malacca, Bintan, for employees who complete their ICTs. I heard that during ICTs, they even deploy company transport to send their employees' kids to school.

To better recognise such companies, this year, we will launch a national accreditation scheme, the NS Mark. This scheme recognises organisations supportive of NS and Total Defence and encourages more employers and businesses to adopt human resource practices that support our NSmen. Under the scheme, organisations will be awarded either the NS Mark or the higher-tiered NS Mark (Gold), and top NS Mark (Gold) organisations will be further recognised as NS Advocates.

Third, serving with pride. The NS institution is only as strong as the commitment and fighting spirit of our NSmen. We see this spirit in many of our NSmen. Despite having to juggle NS duties with day-to-day family and job commitments, these NSmen set aside time to attend courses to upgrade their vocational and leadership skills in preparation for their higher appointments in NS. We also see NSmen extending service to contribute to national defence. For instance, NSmen with the relevant expertise in engineering and psychology have volunteered for the Expertise Conversion Scheme.

Often, what motivates our NSmen to serve with such dedication are the camaraderie and friendships forged with their fellow NSmen in the units. Last year, one of our NS Commanding Officers, Lieutenant Colonel (NS) Darren Tan, shared a Facebook note dedicated to his battalion, 823 Singapore Infantry Regiment (SIR). Let me quote him on his battalion's mission statement, I assume he wrote it, "One family with unwavering passion to excel in the protection of our home."

Corporal (NS) Mohammad Azmi Bin Arifin deferred his honeymoon so that he could complete an important evaluation test with his battalion. I assume it was with his wife's approval. First Sergeant (NS) Mok Shing Chi, despite being diagnosed with cancer, continued to serve his ICT with the help and support of his NS buddies.

Our NSmen can keep this spirit of serving going because Singaporeans are united in supporting NS. This spirit is also demonstrated by women, new citizens and first-generation Permanent Residents (PRs) who have come forth to serve in the SAF Volunteer Corps (SAFVC), which Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef had asked about.

We are proud that last year, 226 volunteers from a diverse range of backgrounds and ages completed their Basic Training. More than 80% of the Volunteers have progressed to the next phases of training. Volunteers who have completed the requisite training have since been deployed in vocations, such as Auxiliary Security Troopers and Naval Bridge Watch Keepers.

Alexander Voss, a Singapore PR and one of our Volunteer Auxiliary Security Troopers, shared, "I have had a growing desire to give back to Singapore, which I think of as my home, and play a part in our nation's defence".

Just last week, the first intake for 2016 completed their Basic Training. Moving forward, we will continue to see SAFVC volunteers deployed in diverse roles to better support our NSmen in defending Singapore.

Mdm Chair, next year, we celebrate 50 years of NS. The introduction of NS is a significant milestone in our nation-building journey, occurring shortly after Singapore gained Independence. Then, in this House, there were heated debates by an earlier generation of Members.

Today, I think the situation is totally different. We are all united in upholding the institution of NS and, as Dr Lim Wee Kiak said, NS has even become a form of national identity. Indeed, the efforts of our NSmen and those who support them have been instrumental in establishing the bedrock of peace and stability upon which we have built Singapore. Let us continue to ensure NS will remain a source of pride and strength for Singapore.

The Senior Minister of State for Defence (Dr Mohamad Maliki Bin Osman): Mdm Chair, last year, Singapore celebrated 50 years of Independence and we reaffirmed the beliefs, values and attitudes which contributed to building the Singapore of today. But some may wonder: will we make it to SG100?

We are confident that our home and way of life are safeguarded by an advanced and highly trained SAF, but we must know that our security agencies cannot do the job on their own. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of every individual to participate in the defence of Singapore. I am heartened that many Singaporeans I spoke to during focus group discussions shared this view.

3.15 pm

This idea of strength in unity is captured in this year's Total Defence campaign theme "Together We Keep Singapore Strong". The threats and challenges we face since Total Defence was introduced 32 years ago have evolved, but the message to respond as one people remains equally, if not more, important today.

Take the experience of Paris last year, when terrorist attacks claimed 120 victims. The initial shock gave way to a strong show of solidarity by the French. Just two weeks later, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Conference on Climate Change involving more than 140 world leaders and around 40,000 attendees. Today, despite increased public security measures, Parisians have not withdrawn into fear and doubt but have returned to their daily routines in celebration of the city's strength and resilience. As President Hollande said, "[the terrorists] have a cult of death, but we have a love of life."

As Mr Amrin Amin pointed out, we need to be resilient as we face evolving threats. I fully agree. In 2011, following the arrest of 15 members of the Singapore JI branch, interracial confidence circles in schools and workplaces were formed to promote inter-religious understanding. We emerged stronger from the episode, but it became clear that security agencies cannot fight the threats alone. As members of the public, we can play our part by being vigilant and sounding the alarm if we find something amiss.

For example, a self-radicalised youth was detained in April last year after a friend noticed changes in him and alerted the authorities before he could carry out his attack plans in Singapore. The battle today, and in the future, is not one waged by tanks and planes. It is a battle that needs to be won in our hearts and minds as we guard against influences that threaten our social cohesion.

Mdm Chair, the SAF is a microcosm of Singapore society, with soldiers from different backgrounds, religions and race. I would like to remind Mr Mohamad Faisal Abdul Manap that Singapore is a secular state and all Singaporeans enjoy the right to practise their religions under our Constitution. Apart from Islam, religions, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Sikhism, also practise certain dietary restrictions. However, we do not insist that public eating places cater to any specific religious requirement. Rather than encouraging any one religious group to push fully for its own strict requirements, our approach has been to accommodate as far as practicable the needs of devotees of different religions while maintaining the common space and common goals for all.

So, in hawker centres, school canteens and food courts, for example, there are halal and vegetarian food stalls, but there are no specific corners for halal or vegetarian tables. This facilitates social integration, where Singaporeans come together, eat in the same space and interact. This is the cornerstone of our multiracial society and Singaporeans accept this. Similarly, there is no strict requirement that all restaurant kitchens must be halal-certified before they are allowed to operate.

The SAF operates similarly, just like society at large. In our camps, where space is available, we make provisions for halal food to be prepared separately from non-halal food, but our soldiers eat together in our dining halls. Where space is limited, vegetarian and halal food are brought in from centralised kitchens instead of being prepared in the cookhouse. In operations, like field camps, we provide combat rations that are halal, and vegetarian options are also made available.

The preparation of halal food requires strict adherence to the religious stipulations governing the food source, preparation and even storage. For Navy ships, space is always a premium which needs to be maximised and prioritised for key operational requirements, such as for combat systems, ammunitions and equipment spares. Nonetheless, we make provisions for our Muslim servicemen on board ships by providing options, such as seafood, chicken and vegetables. Similarly, we make provisions for non-Muslim Navy servicemen with specific dietary restrictions, wherever possible.

Our practice is similar to other Navies, including France and the US. SAF will accommodate where we can, but the SAF's operational priorities come before individual needs. Our servicemen and women understand and accept this. They are prepared to make sacrifices where needed and are committed to defending Singapore and all that we stand for.

Let me talk about the points raised on ACCORD. I am heartened that Singaporeans understand the importance of the community's role in the nation's defence and provide useful feedback through ACCORD.

Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef and Mr Baey Yam Keng asked for an update on the work MINDEF has done to strengthen the community's support for NS. I am pleased to update that ACCORD has implemented 14 out of 18 proposals submitted last year to strengthen support for NS.

First, the Family and Community (F&C) Council has encouraged almost 70 businesses to show appreciation to NSmen by offering discounts and benefits through the "We Support YOU in NS" programme. The response from our NSmen and their families has been very positive. The F&C Council also improved their outreach to women through partnerships with the Singapore Council of Women's Organisations and the Women's Integration Network of the People's Association.

Second, through the Educational Institutions (EI) Council, four Post-Secondary Education Institutions piloted fitness programmes to help pre-enlistees get ready and fit for NS. These are their students. The results are encouraging. At Temasek Polytechnic, for example, the fitness programme increased the IPPT pass rate of participating students by more than 25%. In addition, the EI Council reached out to Singaporean and PR students in Foreign System Schools and Privately-Funded Institutions to help them understand the importance of NS. The United World College of South East Asia was so enthused that they hosted an NS Information Evening for 430 pre-enlistees and their parents from nine Foreign System Schools.

Third, the Employer and Business (E&B) Council piloted a post-ICT letter to employers, to recognise useful skills and attributes of our servicemen which are invaluable in the business world. Last year, 122 individuals, businesses and organisations were awarded the NS Advocate Award for their outstanding support towards NS. Absolute Kinetics Consultancy Pte Ltd was one of the winners. They demonstrated their strong support for NS by providing incentives for NSmen who excel in their IPPT and recognising employees who do well during NS.

What is most heartening is that these projects were initiated and led by members of the respective councils themselves. Their passion and enthusiasm are truly inspiring. In 2016, we can look forward to an expanded "We Support YOU in NS" programme and more exciting collaborations with Families for Life to reach the wider community. We will continue to encourage more pre-enlistee fitness programmes and engender broader-based support for NS through the "NS Mark" later this year, which recognises supportive employers, businesses and organisations.

Mr Amrin Amin and Mr Lee Yi Shyan asked how MINDEF is encouraging Singaporeans to strengthen commitment to defence. The SAF regularly organises events to educate the public on our defence capabilities in a fun and engaging way. For instance, the RSAF will organise an Open House in May this year. Later in June, the Singapore Army and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) will hold an exhibition and Navy@Vivo respectively. We project to reach out to over 250,000 visitors through these events.

Last year, we launched the Commitment to Defence (C2D) Ambassadors programme to allow our SAF Pioneers to engage and inspire the younger generation with personal stories of Singapore's early struggles and our accomplishments in the face of adversity. Our younger generation found the sharing sessions interesting, authentic, and I quote, "not something we can get from the Internet".

For example, C2D Ambassadors like COL (Ret) Goh Lye Choon would captivate his audience by recounting his experience fighting infiltrators in the jungles of Kota Tinggi during Konfrontasi. According to C2D Ambassador MAJ (Ret) Ashim Mochtar, our youths are far from apathetic. They are passionate and understand the need for Singapore to stand up for itself.

Dr Teo Ho Pin asked about the public's readiness to address a variety of evolving threats. MINDEF agrees that the public needs to join the conversation on ensuring our future security. Therefore, we integrated this year's Total Defence campaign with the SGfuture citizen engagement initiative, under the theme "A Secure and Resilient Nation".

One of the discussion participants, Mr Saravenan said, "It was good to see that we feel strongly about our country and care enough to share." Many have also contributed interesting ideas to bring Total Defence to life, such as by running crisis simulation exercises to demonstrate the importance of Total Defence in overcoming hybrid threats. We will continue to explore how such ground-up ideas can revitalise community action for Total Defence.

We held a Total Defence exhibition in February and March this year. The exhibition featured individuals like Ms Nur Arfa, who was only 13 years old when she volunteered with "Citizens on Patrol" to spread awareness on crime prevention in her neighbourhood; as well as groups like the Religious Rehabilitation Group that fight religious extremist propaganda. Mr Lee Beng Kit, an exhibition visitor, said, "It is nice to see people contributing to society in their own ways. After all, Total Defence is about everybody coming together to keep Singapore strong, regardless of race, language and religion." We hope that the exhibition showed that there is much each individual can do to keep Singapore strong.

This year, we refreshed the Total Defence song "There's a Part for Everyone". I am sure Members can all remember that song from many, many years ago. But the updated version is a lot more hip. Indeed, with updated lyrics and a new upbeat arrangement by home-grown band QuickPick, the familiar medley caught on very quickly. The song was re-introduced to schools and reached more than 600,000 TV viewers over a 10-day period. Even Minister Ng Eng Hen was game enough to sing along to the refreshed song, helping us reach out to half a million people through his Facebook page. Unfortunately, I do not have time to show the video today. I hope that all of us will renew our commitment to Total Defence each time this song is sung.

We also continue to engage Singaporeans through platforms like the ciNE65 short film competition and N.E.mation! digital animation competition. Hoon Wei Ting, from Victoria Junior College, was so inspired by her participation in N.E.mation! last year that she volunteered to help out and share her experience with participants this year as well. We hope that when these competition clips are shown nationwide, they will encourage conversations about Total Defence and inspire all to do their part to keep Singapore strong and resilient.

Mdm Chair, MINDEF and the SAF also reach out to a diverse audience through various media platforms. Our stories highlight the sacrifices our NSmen make and the tough training they undergo to defend Singapore. Those who caught the "Ah Boys to Men" movies said it "shed (light) on the untold story of our unsung heroes". Programmes, such as the "Commandos" documentary series, "Women in the SAF" and "SAF Pioneers" were all well-received. We are heartened that Singaporeans' commitment to defence remains strong, and we will continue to share more of our stories in the coming year.

After 50 years of nationhood, the threats we are facing have evolved, but so have our responses. The future is uncertain, but I am confident that if we see ourselves, first and foremost, as one people and have the resolve to work together to strengthen our military, civil, economic, social and psychological defences, we, as a society, will be resilient enough for any challenge that comes our way.

3.30 pm

The Chairman: We have a bit of time for clarifications. Dr Lim Wee Kiak.

Dr Lim Wee Kiak: Thank you, Chairman. I have two clarifications, both for the Senior Minister of State, regarding the NS Mark and NS Gold Mark. What are the specific criteria for the companies to achieve these? May I suggest that, the Government, being one of the largest employers, make sure that our own Statutory Boards and Government agencies all achieve NS Mark and NS Gold Mark even before the private sector firms do it?

Secondly, regarding the low-key and high-key ICTs, personally, I also know of a few people who served many, many low-key ICTs somehow. Is it possible for them to consider accumulating that? For example, if you serve three or four low-key ICTs, it is equivalent to one high-key ICT. The number of days, added together, forms a sacrifice as well. I think we should recognise that, too.

Mr Ong Ye Kung: I thank the Member for the questions. For the first point on the Statutory Boards, I would say that MINDEF agrees with the Member. As for the details of the NS Mark Scheme, they will be announced in the latter part of the year.

On accumulating low-key ICTs to become high-key ICTs, this is a suggestion that had been raised before. We have looked at it and we will probably continue to look at it. But I think there is a limit. Just as I do some extra push-ups, do one more broad jump, one more shuttle run, it does not equal a 2.4-kilometre run. So, there is a limit to that logic.

Mr Vikram Nair: Mdm Chair, I would like to discuss one of the new threats that the Minister mentioned, which was cybersecurity. There is CSA and I think MINDEF are looking at cybersecurity issues. I am just wondering what is the coordination between the two, because there will be a lot of joint issues faced by both. One looks at, I understand, state-related issues; the other looks at domestic, commercial facilities and so on. I think there is probably a lot of coordination required and lots of the types of threats both tackle will be similar.

Dr Ng Eng Hen: Madam, if I can provide a simple structure. The national coordinating agency for Singapore and whole-of-Government is the CSA. Its task remit is to secure, if you like, the cyber environment for the whole-of-Government. Whole-of-Government also includes the private sector. For instance, CSA engages key clusters. The financial cluster is key; transport, power, and so on and so forth. That is its remit. And it is structured under PMO.

For the SAF, we are responsible for cybersecurity of our own military networks to make sure that we can conduct a defence – there are some things that I would not tell you – but we can conduct our defence. We are not dependent on your networks.

Mr Pritam Singh: Thank you, Mdm Chairperson. My question is directed to the Senior Minister of State. I am just following up on the high-key ICT issue. According to the CSNS, one of their recommendations was to implement make-up high-key ICTs. Can I just get an update from the Senior Minister of State how far SAF has gone into this? Because if I hear the Senior Minister of State correctly, it seems as if there may be difficulties in implementing this recommendation.

Mr Ong Ye Kung: There is a limit. Of course, make-up high-key ICT is to redeploy them to another unit which is going through a high-key ICT. In the process, what we lose is that he is no longer in the unit. To many NSmen, that actually is quite important because your friends and comrades are all from that unit.

While we try to implement the make-up high-key ICT, it is also in our interest to cater to young people and their many preoccupations. If they can finish their ORNS by their early 30s, then start to have babies, get their flats and start to work hard and be more focused on their career, I think it is a good thing. So, it is totally in our interest to make sure it ends as early as we can, early 30s if possible.

Mr Muhamad Faisal Bin Abdul Manap: Madam, I would just like to repeat what I have said in my speech that I am a strong believer in an inclusive and open SAF. I do not think that I need the Senior Minister of State to remind me that Singapore is a multiracial and multi-religious society.

Madam, I bring this issue up because of what the Minister had answered to a question posed to him during one of the public forums regarding why there are no Malays serving in the Navy vessels. The Minister mentioned that it is due to practical reasons or practical issues. My point is that since this is a practical issue or practical problem that exists, has this practical problem been resolved practically? So, that is my purpose. I believe if this practical reason can be resolved, it will further foster the inclusivity of SAF or RSN.

Dr Ng Eng Hen: Madam, a point of order. The Member is quoting me and I do not know what he is quoting. If he can show what I actually said in the conference or at the meeting, I am more than happy to accommodate what I said.

But I think there is a larger point. Mr Faisal Manap says he does not need to be reminded that we are a multiracial, multi-religious society. But he is only championing in his speech for Muslims.

Senior Minister of State Maliki made it clear that if each of us in this House – Muslims champion Muslims, Christians champion Christians, Buddhists champion Buddhists – we have never pushed for each group to fully push for their rights, for their observances. I think Senior Minister of State Maliki was very clear: where it is practicable, we will lean forward; the SAF, as with the rest of society.

So, in camps where there is adequate space, as Members know, we have Muslim cookhouses, vegetarian food is served. But we made it clear that, for the Navy, that space is always a premium. We have answered the Member's questions fairly.

But there is a larger point in this: what is the tone of the society, the tone of the SAF? Because in the SAF, I draw from all Singaporeans. I have people who do not eat beef. I have people with religious observances, apart from Muslims. I have vegetarians. Where we can, we will accommodate. But the overriding principle must be that the SAF's operational concerns must come first, and individual needs sometimes must subsume under that. Where we can, we will accommodate.

I am certain that there are situations where I cannot please all, accommodate all requirements. I cannot, hand on heart, assure you that all my mobile kitchens are halal. And sometimes, if we can, we will offer combat rations which are halal, which are pre-prepared. But fresh rations sometimes are served in the field. So, there are all these instances.

The SAF is a complex machinery. And I think our overall point is: where we can, we will lean forward as with the rest of the society, but always with the understanding that the SAF's needs and operational concerns must come first. There may be individual sacrifices that we make, but we deploy based on merit as well as commitment.

The Chairman: Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef.

Assoc Prof Fatimah Lateef: Madam, I would like to ask the Senior Minister of State whether the training for the SAF Volunteer Corps is structured to meet the capabilities of the persons. Because I do know of a group of ladies who are actually considering joining but worry about their physical capabilities, myself included.

Mr Ong Ye Kung: The training is different from the full-time NS training. It is in three different phases and it will be structured according to the physical abilities and also the interests of the volunteers.

The Chairman: Mr Faisal Manap.

Mr Muhamad Faisal Bin Abdul Manap: Madam, I would like to reject the Minister mentioning me as someone who is always championing Malay/Muslim issues. We can check the Hansard. I believe that I have voiced out more national issues, compared to Malay/Muslim issues. And I believe it is my role and responsibility as an elected Member of a minority community in the Group Representation Constituency (GRC) system, it is my responsibility and role to voice out Malay/Muslim issues based on the voices that I gather from the community.

Dr Ng Eng Hen: Madam, I am very pleased to hear that the Member will champion issues for all religions.

The Chairman: Mr Vikram Nair, would you like to withdraw your amendment?

Mr Vikram Nair: Mdm Chair, I would like to thank the Members for their contributions, and the Minister and Senior Ministers of State for their responses. I think we have had a very lively discussion. In many countries, the military is seen as a powerful remote organisation. In Singapore, it is quite different. In Singapore, because we have NS, I think almost everyone is either serving in the military or know someone who is serving in the military. So, in that sense, it is very close to home. At the same time, it is respected around the region, it is respected by our contemporaries, I think that is quite an important achievement.

Madam, I am proud of the SAF and proud also to be serving in the SAF. I am now into my Reservist on Voluntary Extended Reserve (ROVER) stage. It is something many of us are proud of. With that, Madam, I beg leave to withdraw the amendment.

Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.

The sum of $13,296,000,000 for Head J ordered to stand part of the Main Estimates.

The sum of $671,000,000 for Head J ordered to stand part of the Development Estimates.

The Chairman: Order. I propose to take the break now.

Thereupon Mdm Speaker left the Chair of the Committee and took the Chair of the House.

Mdm Speaker: Order. I propose to take a break now. I suspend the Sitting and will take the Chair at 4.05 pm.

Sitting accordingly suspended

at 3.45 pm until 4.05 pm.

Sitting resumed at 4.05 pm

[Mdm Speaker in the Chair]